Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Accounting principles
The Company's accounting policies and accompanying consolidated financial statements conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP).
Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements present the consolidated accounts of FRHC and its consolidated subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated from the consolidated financial statements.
Consolidation of variable interest entities
In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities ("VIEs"), VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision making ability. VIEs must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes.
As of March 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended March 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the only VIE of the Company was Freedom UA.
The carrying amounts of the VIE’s consolidated assets and liabilities are as follows:
March 31, 2023
 March 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents 26  134 
Restricted cash 1,936  2,843 
Trading securities 4,010  2,942 
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net 1,616  435 
Fixed assets, net 782  1,043 
Intangible assets, net 131  205 
Right-of-use asset 135  905 
Other assets 56  127 
Total assets $ 8,692  8,634 
Customer liabilities 5,837  8,439 
Securities repurchase agreement obligations 12  3,267 
Trade payables 25  35 
Lease liability 159  914 
Other liabilities 298  434 
Total liabilities $ 6,331  13,089 
Freedom Securities Trading Inc ("FST Belize")
The Company has performed an analysis of Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) to determine if it should consolidate FST Belize in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP). As part of this analysis, the Company considered if FST Belize meets the definition of a variable interest entity, if the Company holds a variable interest in FST Belize and ultimately whether it has the power to control the most significant activities of FST Belize.

The Company concluded that FST Belize is not a variable interest entity because it has sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional financial support and the control over its significant activities is held by its sole shareholder, Mr. Timur Turlov who is also the Company's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer. In addition, the Company concluded that the only potential variable interest it holds in FST Belize is the margin lending provided by the Company and that this margin lending does not expose the Company to variability associated with the operations of FST Belize because it is fully collateralized by liquid marketable securities under the Company’s custody for which the contractual arrangements allow the Company to sell to cover any losses in the margin lending.. Lastly, the Company also considered that it does not have the power to control FST Belize because it does not own any of the voting shares or other contractual arrangements that allow it to control its operations.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing the Company's financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue and expense recognition
Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services promised to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. A significant portion of the Company's revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans and investment securities, as these activities are subject to other U.S. GAAP guidance discussed elsewhere within these disclosures. Descriptions of the Company's revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as components of total revenue, net are as follows:
• Commissions on brokerage services;
• Commissions on banking services (money transfers, foreign exchange operations and other); and
• Commissions on investment banking services (underwriting, market making, and bondholders' representation services).

Gross Versus Net Revenue

ASC 606 provides guidance on proper recognition of principal versus agent considerations which is used to determine gross versus net revenue recognition. Under ASC 606, the core objective of the guidance on gross versus net revenue recognition is to help determine whether the Company is a principal or an agent in a transaction. In general, the primary difference between these two is the performance obligation being satisfied. The principal has a performance obligation to provide the desired goods or services to the end customer, whereas the agent arranges for the principal to provide the desired goods or services. Additionally, a fundamental characteristic of a principal in a transaction is control. A principal substantively controls the goods and services before they are transferred to the customer as well as controls the price of the good or service being provided. An agent normally receives a commission or fee for these activities. In addition to control, the level at which the Company controls the price of the good or service being transferred determines principal versus agent status. The more discretion over setting price a company has in providing the good or service, the more likely they are considered a principal rather than an agent.

In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing products and services to our customers. If the Company is principal in the transaction (providing goods or services itself), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in non interest expense. If the Company is an agent in the transaction (arranging for another party to provide goods or services), the Company reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue.

Interest income

Interest income on margin loans, loans issued, trading securities, available-for-sale securities, and reverse repurchase agreement obligations are recognized based on the contractual provisions of the underlying arrangements.

Loan premiums and discounts are deferred and generally amortized into interest income as yield adjustments over the contractual life and/or commitment period using the effective interest method.

Unamortized premiums, discounts and other basis adjustments on trading securities are generally recognized in interest income over the contractual lives of the securities using the effective interest method.

Loans

The Company's loan portfolio is divided into: mortgages, uncollateralized bank customer loans, collateralized bank customer loans, car loans, loans issued to policyholders and subordinated loans. Mortgage loans consist of loans provided to individuals to purchase residential homes, which is used as collateral for the loan. Uncollateralized bank customer loans consist of loans provided through credit cards to individuals and retail unsecured banking loans provided to individuals. Collateralized bank customer loans consist of retail collateralized loans provided to individuals. Subordinated loans consist of uncollateralized loans provided to the legal entities to support their businesses, that ranks below other, more senior loans
or securities with respect to claims on assets or earnings. Margin loans are not classified as part of the Company's loan portfolio and are instead recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets under Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net. Loans issued to policyholders are represented by loans issued by insurer to its policyholders under an accumulative insurance contract. Policy loans are provided within the redemption amount, which is a security for the return of the received loan and covers the loans amount and interest. Car loans consists of loans provided to individuals to purchase new or used car.

Derivative financial instruments
In the normal course of business, the Company invests in various derivative financial contracts including futures. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured to their fair value at each reporting date. The fair values are estimated based on quoted market prices or pricing models that take into account the current market and contractual prices of the underlying instruments and other factors. Derivatives are carried as assets when their fair value is positive and as liabilities when it is negative.
Functional currency
Management has adopted ASC 830, Foreign Currency Translation Matters as it pertains to its foreign currency translation. The Company's functional currencies are the Kazakhstan tenge, the euro, the U.S. dollar, the Ukrainian hryvnia, the Uzbekistani som, the Kyrgyzstani som, the Azerbaijani manat, the British pound sterling, the Armenian dram, the United Arab Emirates dirham and the Turkish lira, and its reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. For financial reporting purposes, foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars as the reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Average quarterly rates are used to translate revenues and expenses. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of shareholders' equity as "Accumulated other comprehensive loss". The Company uses exchange rates from the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan for foreign currency translation purposes.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are generally comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include those reverse repurchase agreements, where maturity is less than 90 days, and the credit risk of the counterparty is low, which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired plus accrued interest.
Securities reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements
A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Company purchases financial instruments from a seller, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to resell the same or substantially the same financial instruments to the seller for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at the contractual amount for which the securities will be resold, including accrued interest. Financial instruments purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are recorded in the financial statements as cash placed on deposit collateralized by securities and classified as cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Company sells financial instruments to another party, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to reacquire the same or substantially the same financial instruments from the buyer for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. These agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions. The Company retains the financial instruments sold under repurchase agreements and classifies them as trading securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The consideration received under repurchase agreements is classified as securities repurchase agreement obligations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to leverage and grow its proprietary trading portfolio, cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers' needs and to finance its inventory positions. The Company enters into these transactions in accordance with normal market practice. Under standard terms for repurchase transactions, the recipient of collateral has the right to sell or repledge the collateral, subject to returning equivalent securities on settlement of the transaction.
Restricted cash
Restricted cash consists of cash equivalents that is held for specific reasons and not available for immediate use. They are generally comprised of certain investments with original maturities of more than three months. Mainly represented by customers' cash and guaranty deposits, which are restricted in use by the Company.
Available-for-sale securities
Financial assets categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") are non-derivatives that are either designated as available-for-sale or not classified as (a) loans and receivables, (b) held to maturity investments or (c) trading securities.
Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the Accumulated other comprehensive loss, with the exception of other-than-temporary impairment losses, interest calculated using the effective interest method, and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income. When the investment is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, the cumulative gain or loss previously accumulated in the accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income is then reclassified to net realized gain/(loss) on investments available-for-sale in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Trading securities
Financial assets are classified as trading securities if the financial asset has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling it in the near term.
Trading securities are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in revenue. Changes in fair value are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in net gain on trading securities. Interest earned and dividend income are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in interest income, according to the terms of the contract and when the right to receive the payment has been established.
Investments in nonconsolidated managed funds are accounted for at fair value based on the net asset value of the funds provided by the fund managers with gains or losses included in net gain on trading securities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Debt securities issued
Debt securities issued are initially recognized at the fair value of the consideration received, less directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently, amounts due are stated at amortized cost and any difference between net proceeds and the redemption value is recognized over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. If the Company purchases its own debt it is removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the difference between the carrying amount of the liability and the consideration paid is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables
The Company engages in securities financing transactions with and for clients through margin lending. In margin lending, the Company's customers borrow funds from the Company or sells securities the customer does not own against the value of their qualifying securities held in custody by the Company. Under these agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or repledge securities received as collateral. Furthermore, the contractual arrangements establish that the Company can use the
pledged collateral by the customers for repurchase agreement operations, securities lending transactions or delivery to other counterparties to cover short positions.
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables comprise margin lending receivables, brokerage commissions and other receivables related to the securities brokerage and banking activity of the Company. At initial recognition, margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are recognized at fair value. Subsequently, margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are carried at cost net of any allowance for impairment losses.
For both individual and institutional brokerage clients, we may enter into arrangements for securities financing transactions in respect of financial instruments held by us on behalf of the client or may use such financial instruments for our own account or the account of another client. We maintain omnibus brokerage accounts for certain institutional brokerage clients, in which transactions of the underlying clients of such institutional clients are combined in a single account with us. As noted above, we may use the assets within the omnibus accounts to finance, lend, provide credit or provide debt financing or otherwise use and direct the order or manner of assets for financing of other clients of ours.
As of March 31, 2023, margin lending receivable balance from FST Belize was fully collateralized by its customer-owned cash and market securities held by the Company, including $37.1 million margin lending receivable collateralized by FRHC securities. Customers’ required margin levels and established credit limits are monitored continuously by risk management staff. Pursuant to the Company’s policy, customers are required to deposit additional collateral or reduce positions, when necessary, to avoid liquidation of their positions.
Derecognition of financial assets
A financial asset (or, where applicable a part of a financial asset or a part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized where all of the following conditions are met:
•The transferred financial assets have been isolated from the Company - put presumptively beyond the reach of the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership.
•The transferee has rights to pledge or exchange financial assets.
•The Company or its agents do not maintain effective control over the transferred financial assets or third-party beneficial interests related to those transferred assets.
Where the Company has not met the asset derecognition conditions above, it continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement.
Impairment of long-lived assets
In accordance with the accounting guidance for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, the Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used when events and circumstances warrant such a review. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the fair value from such asset is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of are determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for the cost of disposal. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, 2022, and 2021 the Company had not recorded any charges for impairment of long-lived assets.
Impairment of goodwill
Goodwill is allocated to reporting units, which are identified as the operating segments or one level below operating segments that generate separate financial information regularly reviewed by management. The assignment of goodwill to reporting units allows for the assessment of potential impairment at the appropriate level within the organization.

The Company has identified its reporting units based on its organizational and operational structure, as well as the level at which internal financial information is reviewed by management to make strategic decisions. In line with this, the reporting units have been established as follows:
Central Asia and Eastern Europe Reporting Unit: This reporting unit represents the Company's operations in Central Asia, which encompasses countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. The management team responsible for the Central Asia and Eastern Europe region regularly reviews financial information specific to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and key performance indicators.

Europe excluding Eastern Europe Reporting Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Company's operations in various European countries, such as Cyprus, Germany and United Kingdom. The management team responsible for the Europe region reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.

US Reporting Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Company's operations in USA. The management team responsible for the US region reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.

Middle East/Caucasus Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Company's operations in Middle East/Causcasus. This reporting unit represents the Company's operations in Middle East/Caucasus, which encompasses countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, UAE and Turkiye. The management team responsible for the Middle East/Causcasus region reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.

Goodwill has been allocated to each reporting unit based on its relative fair value at the time of acquisition or significant triggering events. The fair value allocation of goodwill to reporting units is periodically reassessed to ensure alignment with the Company's evolving organizational structure and operational dynamics.

The Company conducts impairment testing on an annual basis or whenever indicators of potential impairment arise. The impairment testing involves comparing the carrying amount of each reporting unit, including its allocated goodwill, to its fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized.

Further details regarding the measurement of goodwill impairment and the results of impairment tests for each reporting unit are provided below.

The Company discloses information about the reporting units, the carrying amounts of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit, and the impairment losses recognized. The allocation of goodwill to reporting units ensures a focused evaluation of each unit's financial performance and facilitates the identification of potential impairment, enhancing the transparency and reliability of our financial reporting.

As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, goodwill recorded in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $14,192 and $5,898 respectively. The Company performs an impairment review at least annually unless indicators of impairment exist in interim periods. The Company compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The goodwill impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. If fair value exceeds the carrying amount, no impairment is recorded.

During the year ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not recognize an impairment loss related to goodwill.

During the year ended March 31, 2022, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine escalated, and military operations began on the territory of Ukraine. The conflict resulted in sanctions being imposed on Russia. As a result of this conflict, the Company's subsidiaries operating in Russia and Ukraine, including Freedom Bank RU, Freedom UA, and Zerich, incurred significant losses.
In its annual goodwill impairment test for the year ended March 31, 2022, the Company estimated the fair value of the reporting unit based on the income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow method) and determined the fair value of the Company’s goodwill previously recognized for Freedom Bank RU, Freedom UA and Zerich was below the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill. As a result, as of March 31, 2022, the Company recognized impairment loss for the goodwill previously recognized for Freedom Bank RU, Freedom UA and Zerich in the amount of $2,300 through Other (income)/expense, net as presented on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, and presented goodwill, net of impairment loss in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The current uncertainty surrounding the conflict between Russia and Ukraine makes it difficult to perform reasonable projections of future income and expenses of the Ukrainian subsidiary.
The goodwill value at March 31, 2023 increased compared to March 31, 2022, due to acquisition of London Almaty, Ticketon, LD Micro and Paybox and as a result of foreign exchange currency translation.
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, were as follows:

Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Europe, excluding Eastern Europe
 US Held for Sale Middle East/ Caucasus Total
Goodwill, gross
Balance as of March 31, 2021 (Recasted)
 $ 5,261  $ —  $ 1,626  $ 810  $ —  $ 7,697 
Foreign currency translation (157) —  —  658  —  501 
Acquired —  —  —  —  —  — 
Balance as of March 31, 2022 (Recasted)
 5,104  $ —  $ 1,626  $ 1,468  $ —  $ 8,198 
Foreign currency translation (74) —  —  —  —  (74)
Acquired 2,594  —  5,774  —  —  8,368 
Balance as of March 31, 2023
 7,624  $ —  $ 7,400  $ 1,468  $ —  $ 16,492 
Accumulated impairment
Balance as of March 31, 2021 $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Impairment expense 832  —  —  1,468  —  2,300 
Balance as of March 31, 2022 $ 832  $ —  $ —  $ 1,468  $ —  $ 2,300 
Impairment expense —  —  —  —  —  — 
Balance as of March 31, 2023 $ 832  $ —  $ —  $ 1,468  $ —  $ 2,300 
Goodwill, net of impairment
Balance as of March 31, 2021 $ 5,261  $ —  $ 1,626  $ 810  $ —  $ 7,697 
Balance as of March 31, 2022 $ 4,272  $ —  $ 1,626  $ —  $ —  $ 5,898 
Balance as of March 31, 2023 $ 6,792  $ —  $ 7,400  $ —  $ —  $ 14,192 
Business combinations and acquisitions
Acquisitions of businesses not under common control are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Company, liabilities incurred by the Company to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Company in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are
generally recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The assets and liabilities acquired are recognized, with certain exceptions such as deferred taxes, at their fair values at the acquisition date.

Business combinations under common control are accounted for under the pooling of interests method which involves combining the financial statements of the acquiring and acquired entities as if they had been combined from the beginning of the common control relationship. The assets and liabilities are combined on a carry over basis and not restated to its fair values. This approach required the Company to recast its consolidated financial statements to reflect the assets, liabilities and operations of the acquired entities since the beginning of the earliest comparative period.
Asset and Liabilities Held for Sale
The Company classifies assets and liabilities ("the disposal group") as held for sale in the period when all of the relevant criteria to be classified as held for sale are met. Criteria include management commitment to divest the disposal group in its present condition and the divestiture being deemed probable of being completed within one year. Assets held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less cost to divest. Any loss resulting from the measurement is recognized in the period the held for sale criteria are met. The Company assesses the fair value of a disposal group, less any costs to divest, each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and reports any subsequent changes as an adjustment to the carrying value of the disposal group, as long as the new carrying value does not exceed the initial carrying value of the disposal group. Assets held for sale are not amortized or depreciated. During the year ended March 31, 2023, the Company incurred loss from divestiture of the disposal group in the amount of $26,118, and recognized it within the line item Net income from discontinued operation on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

A disposal group that represents a strategic shift to the Company or is acquired with the intention to divest is reflected as a discontinued operation on the Consolidated Statements of Operation and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income. The Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes reflect the securities brokerage and complementary banking operations in Russia as discontinued operations as the Company entered into an agreement to divest these operations. The divestiture of these operations was approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on February 10, 2023, and the divestiture was completed on February 28, 2023.

See Note 30 "Assets and Liabilities held for sale" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II Item 8 of this annual report, for more information on assets held for sale and discontinued operations.

Income taxes
The Company recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.
Current income tax expenses are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for tax consequences in future years based on differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements at each year-end and tax loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable for the differences that are expected to affect taxable income.
The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
The Company will include interest and fines arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the provision for income taxes (if anticipated). As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no accrued interest or fines related to uncertain tax positions.
The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act require the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary's tangible assets. The Company has presented the deferred tax impacts of GILTI tax in its consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Fair Value
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Fair value is the current bid price for financial assets, current ask price for financial liabilities and the average of current bid and ask prices when the Company is both in short and long positions for the financial instrument. A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange or other institution and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm's length basis.
Leases

The Company follows ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected not to recognize leases with terms of one-year or less on the balance sheet.
Operating lease assets and corresponding lease liabilities were recognized on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 28 "Leases", in the notes to our consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this annual report for additional disclosure and significant accounting policies affecting leases.
Fixed assets
Fixed assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Maintenance, repairs, and minor renewals are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range between three and sixty-five years.
Insurance contract assets and liabilities
Insurance and reinsurance receivable
Insurance and reinsurance receivable is recognized when related income is earned and measured on initial recognition at the fair value of the consideration receivable. Subsequent to initial recognition, any insurance and reinsurance receivable is measured at cost net of any allowance for impairment losses.
Deferred acquisition costs
Deferred acquisition costs are commissions, premium taxes, and other incremental direct costs of contract acquisition that results directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and would not have been incurred by the Company had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. The deferred amounts are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and amortized to expense in a systematic manner. Traditional life insurance and long-duration health insurance deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized over the estimated premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing the related liability for policy benefit reserves. Deferred acquisition costs for property and casualty insurance and short-duration health insurance are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Deferred policy acquisition costs are expensed when such costs are deemed not to be recoverable from future premiums (for traditional life and long-duration health insurance) and from the related unearned premiums and investment income (for property and casualty and short-duration health insurance). Assessments of recoverability for property and casualty
and short-duration health insurance are extremely sensitive to the estimates of a subsequent year’s projected losses related to the unearned premiums.

Insurance and reinsurance payable

Payables on insurance business comprise advances received, amounts payable to insured (claims and premium refund payable) and amounts payable to agents and brokers, and advances received from insurers and reinsurers.

Payables on reinsurance business comprise net amounts payable to reinsurers. Amounts payable to reinsurers include ceded reinsurance premiums, assumed premium refunds and claims on assumed reinsurance. Insurance and reinsurance payable are accounted for at amortized cost.

Unearned premium reserve and claims

Unearned premium is determined by the method of proportion for each contract, as the product of the insurance premium under the contract for the ratio of the expiration of the insurance cover (in days) to the balance sheet date (in days) from the date of recognition of the insurance premium in accounting as income until the end of the insurance coverage. The reinsurer's share in the unearned premium reserve is calculated separately for each insurance (reinsurance) contract and is determined as the ratio of the insurance premium under the reinsurance contract to the insurance premium under the insurance contract multiplied by the unearned premium reserve.

Results of insurance activity includes net written insurance premiums reduced by the net change in the unearned premium reserve, commissions recognized from assumed insurance and reinsurance contracts, claims paid net and net change in the loss reserves.

Net written insurance premiums represent gross written premiums less premiums ceded to reinsurers. Upon inception of a contract (except for classes of life and annuity insurance), premiums are recorded as written and are earned on a pro rata basis over the term of the related contract coverage. The unearned premium reserve represents the portion of the premiums written relating to the unexpired terms of coverage and is included in the accompanying statement of Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Unearned premium reserve relates to non-life insurance products and non-annuity insurance products.

Claims and other insurance expenses are expensed to the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as incurred.

Loss reserves

Premium Deficiency Reserve

Premium deficiency reserve is a liability balance based on actuarial estimates for anticipated losses on value-based-care contracts reassessed by management when it becomes probable that future losses will be incurred. The reserve balance is the sum of expected future costs, claims adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs that exceed future premiums under contracts excluding consideration from investment income. Losses or gains from these reassessments are recorded in the period in which such losses were identified and reflected within the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Other Comprehensive Loss. If a premium deficiency occur, future changes in the liability is based on the revised assumptions. No loss is reported if it results in creating future income. The liability for future policy benefits using revised assumptions based on actual and anticipated experience is estimated periodically for comparison with the liability for future policy benefits (reduced by unamortized acquisition costs) at the valuation date. Premium deficiency reserves are amortized over the period in which loses are expected to be incurred and expected to have an offsetting impact on operating losses in that period. Premium deficiency reserve process is applicable for both life and non-life insurance policies.

Use of Estimates in Premium Deficiency Reserves. Our Premium deficiency reserve may fluctuate from period to period as a percentage of total revenue and value-based care revenue. This is due to the significant uncertainty and varying nature of key inputs into the measurement of the reserves, driving the income or expense in the period. These key inputs include the contractual rates within value-based care contracts, forecasted benefit and member population changes, contractual periods,
risk adjustments and claims costs forecasts associated with our member populations and allocation of operating costs to these contracts.

Non-life and general insurance

Loss reserves are a summary of estimates of ultimate losses, and include both claims reported but not settled (RBNS) and claims incurred but not reported (IBNR). RBNS is created for existing reported claims not settled at the reporting date. Estimates are made on the basis of information received by the Company during its investigation of insured events. IBNR is estimated by the Company based on its previous history of reported/settled claims using actuarial methods of calculation, which include claim development triangles.

Reinsurance assets in IBNR are estimated applying the same actuarial method used in IBNR estimation.

Life insurance

Not incurred claims reserves (NIC) on life insurance contracts equal the NIC amount for all life insurance contracts valid as at the reporting date. NIC reserve on a separate contract of life insurance is equal to the maximum value of the net level premium reserve and gross-premium reserve. Net level premium reserve is the present value of future benefits (excluding survival benefits) less present value of future net premiums. Gross-premium reserve is present value of benefits, expenses of the Company that are directly related to consideration, settlement, and determination of the benefit amount, operating expenses of the Company related to conducting of the business, less present value of future gross-premiums. The Company excludes terminations of the contracts from the statistics which is then used for NIC reserves, given the inclusion of terminations will result lower level of NIC reserves which may not be sufficient.

Annuity insurance

NIC reserve on annuity contracts is the sum of the present value of future benefits, the claims for annuity insurance and administrative expenses on annuity insurance contracts maintenance, less the present value of insurance contributions (in case of lump sum - insurance premium), which the Company is due to receive after the settlement date.
The reserves are either based on current assumptions or calculated using the assumptions established at the time the contract was issued, in which case a margin for risk and adverse deviation is generally included.
Segment information

The Company used management approaches to identify its reportable segments, as required by ASC 280. The management approach is based on the way the Company's management organizes and evaluates its operations, and based on the way the Company's operations are managed and reported in its internal financial reporting system.

The company identified the following segments:
1. Central Asia and Eastern Europe
2. Europe, excluding Eastern Europe
3. U.S.
4. Middle east/Caucasus

The Company evaluated whether its segments met the quantitative thresholds to be reportable separately. The quantitative thresholds require that a segment's revenue is 10% or more of the combined revenue of all segments, or its absolute profit or loss is 10% or more of the greater of the combined absolute profit of all segments that have a positive profit or the combined absolute loss of all segments that have a loss. The Company's Central Asia and Eastern Europe and Europe segments were identified under the quantitative thresholds.

Under the management approach, the Company identified its US and Middle East/Caucasus region as its reportable segments as they are managed separately from other regions. Both regions are led by a separate management team that are responsible for its operations, and its performance is regularly reviewed by the CODM.

The Company determined that its US and Middle East/Caucasus regions met the qualitative threshold of being managed separately and did not need to rely on the quantitative thresholds.

Factors Used in Determining Reportable Segments
The Company considered several factors when determining its reportable segments. These factors include similarities and differences among its products, services, and geographical locations, economic factors, and internal reporting.
The Company considered the similarities and differences among its products, services, and geographical locations to determine whether they should be aggregated or reported separately. Each region was determined to be sufficiently different from other regions and therefore should be reported separately.

The Company also considered the economic factors that affect its operating segments, such as the regulatory environment, competitive landscape, and market conditions, to determine whether they should be reported separately. Reportable regions were determined to have unique economic factors that warranted separate reporting.

The information that is regularly reviewed by the CODM, including but not limited to the revenue, profit or loss, and assets, was also considered by the Company when determining its reportable segments. Each reportable segment was determined to be regularly reviewed by the CODM and therefore should be reported separately.
Advertising expense

For the years ended March 31 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company had expenses related to advertising in the amount of $14,059, $11,916 and $6,971 respectively. All costs associated with advertising are expensed in the period incurred.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In June 2016 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which introduced an expected credit loss methodology for the impairment of financial assets measured at amortized cost basis. That methodology replaces the probable, incurred loss model for those assets. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326). The Board developed a philosophy to extend and simplify how effective dates are staggered between larger public companies (bucket one) and all other entities (bucket two). Those other entities include private companies, smaller public companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans. Under this philosophy, a major update would first be effective for bucket-one entities, that is, public business entities that are SEC filers, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies (SRCs) under the SEC's definition. The Master Glossary of the Codification defines public business entities and SEC filers. All other entities, including SRCs, other public business entities, and nonpublic business entities (private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans) would compose bucket two. For those entities, the Board considered requiring an effective date staggered at least two years after bucket one for major updates. When ASU 2019-10 was issued, it provided SRCs with the option to defer the implementation of the standard. As the Company qualified as an SRC at the time of the standard's release, we chose not to adopt the update on January 1, 2020. The Company from March 31, 2022 has grown and become as a Larger Public Company and according to ASU 2019-10, qualifies for bucket one. Accordingly, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company evaluated the impact that ASU 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company is going to adopt ASC 326 using the modified retrospective transition approach for its financial assets. The Company analyzed all financial assets and expect the significant effect only for its loans issued. We expect the effect to be an adjustment to the allowance for credit losses for loans issued of approximately USD10 million upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 as of April 1, 2023. The Company does not expect a significant impact from the transition to this standard on other financial assets at amortized costs. As a result, the Company will adopt Topic 326 starting from April 1, 2023.
In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842)".
In August 2021 the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No 2021-06 "Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Financial Services — Depository and Lending (Topic 942), and Financial Services — Investment Companies (Topic 946)" which amends various SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of SEC Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses. SEC issued Final Rulemaking Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses, which modified the disclosure and presentation requirements concerning acquisitions and disposals of businesses. Primarily, the new rules amended (1) Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X, Definition of Terms Used in Regulation S-X, Significant Subsidiary, (2) Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statements of Businesses Acquired or to Be Acquired, (3) Rule 8-05 of Regulation S-X, Pro Forma Financial Information (which covers smaller reporting companies), and (4) Article 11 of Regulation S-X, Pro Forma
Financial Information. In addition, new Rule 6-11 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statements of Funds Acquired or to Be Acquired, covering acquisitions specific to investment companies, was added. Corresponding changes were made to other Regulation S-X rules, various Securities Act and Securities Exchange Act rules, and Forms 8-K and 10-K. Compliance with the amended rules is required from the beginning of a registrant's fiscal year commencing after December 31, 2020 (i.e., the mandatory compliance date). Acquisitions and dispositions that are probable or consummated after the mandatory compliance date are required to be evaluated for significance pursuant to the amended rules. Early compliance is permitted, provided that all the amended rules are applied in their entirety from the early compliance date. ASU No. 2021-06 amends SEC material in the Codification to give effect to Release No. 33-10786. The new rules apply to fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2021 (i.e., calendar-year 2021). Early voluntary compliance is allowed. Note that the rescission of Industry Guide 3 is effective on January 1, 2023. ASU No. 2021-06 amends SEC material in the Codification to give effect to Release No. 33-10835. The Company does not expect the impact that ASU 2021-06 will have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In October 2021, The SEC issued the amendment of Business Combinations (Topic 805), No. 2021-08, which related to Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The main amendments were concentrated in paragraphs 805-20-25-16 through 25-17 and add paragraph 805-20-25-28C and its related heading, with a link to transition paragraph 805-20-65-3, where the topic provides limited exceptions to the recognition and measurement principles applicable to business combinations. Moreover, the topic amends paragraphs 805-20-30-10 through 30-12 and add paragraphs 805-20-30-27 through 30-30 and their related heading, with a link to transition paragraph 805-20-65-3. Paragraph 805-20-25-16 notes that the Business Combinations Topic provides limited exceptions to the recognition and measurement principles applicable to business combinations. In the topic has been added paragraph 805-20-65-3, in which the following represents the transition and effective date information related to Accounting Standards Update No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. For public business entities, the pending content that links to this paragraph shall be effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect that ASU 2021-08 will have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2022 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging-Portfolio Layer Method", which introduces the amendments, which targeted on improvements to the optional hedge accounting model with the objective of improving hedge accounting to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements. The amendments in this Update apply to the Company that elect to apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting in accordance with Table of Contents Topic 815. For a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of prepayable financial instruments, the last-of-layer method allows an entity to hedge a stated amount of the asset or assets in the closed portfolio that is anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. If the requirements for the last-of-layer method are met, prepayment risk is not incorporated into the measurement of the hedged item. Accordingly, ASU 2022-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect that ASU 2022-01 will have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2022 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", which introduces the amendments on solving two issues of creditors related to troubled debt restructurings and gross writeoffs of vintage debt disclosures. The amendments in Update 2016-13 require that an entity measure and record the lifetime expected credit losses on an asset that is within the scope of the Update upon origination or acquisition, and, as a result, credit losses from loans modified as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) have been incorporated into the allowance for credit losses. Investors and preparers observed that the additional designation of a loan modification as a TDR and the related accounting are unnecessarily complex and no longer provide decision-useful information. Moreover, Investors and other financial statement users observed that disclosing gross writeoffs by year of origination provides important information that allows them to better understand changes in the credit quality of an entity's loan portfolio and underwriting performance. Accordingly, ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2022-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2022, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2022-03 “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB has issued this standard to (1) clarify the guidance in Topic 820 – Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The amendments in this update affects all entities that have investments in equity securities measured at fair value that are subject to a contractual sale restriction. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within
those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2022-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-04 “Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations” to enhance the transparency of supplier finance programs. This requires all entities, which apply those programs in connection with the purchase of goods and services (buyer party), to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about the use of the finance programs to understand the program’s nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude.
Accordingly, ASU 2022-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2022-04 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2022, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2022-05 “Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (LDTI)”. The amendments in Update 2018-12 require that an insurance entity apply a retrospective transition method as of the beginning of the earliest period presented or the beginning of the prior fiscal year if early application is elected. It amends in this Update the LDTI transition guidance to allow an insurance entity to make an accounting policy election on a transaction-by-transaction basis. The Board is issuing this Update to reduce implementation costs and complexity associated with the adoption of LDTI for contracts that have been derecognized in accordance with the amendments in this Update before the LDTI effective date. Without the amendments an insurance entity would be required to reclassify a portion of the previously recognized gains or losses to the LDTI transition adjustment because of the adoption of a new accounting standard. This Update affects insurance entities that have derecognized contracts before the LDTI effective date. For public business entities that meet the definition of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer and are not smaller reporting companies, LDTI is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2022-05 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-06 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting”, which provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide temporary relief during the transition period. The Board included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. At the time that Update 2020-04 was issued, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) had established its intent that it would no longer be necessary to persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022—12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR. The amendments in this Update apply to all entities, subject to meeting certain criteria, that have contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities upon issuance of this Update. The Company has evaluated that the Update No. 2022-06 did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2023-01 “Lease (Topic 842)”. Topic 842 requires that entities determine whether a related party arrangement between entities under common control (hereinafter referred to as a common control arrangement) is a lease. If the arrangement is determined to be a lease, an entity must classify and account for the lease on the same basis as an arrangement with an unrelated party (on the basis of legally enforceable terms and conditions).That represents a change from the requirements of Topic 840, Leases, which required that an entity classify and account for an arrangement on the basis of economic substance when those terms and conditions were affected by the related party nature of the arrangement. The amendments in this Update affect all lessees that are a party to a lease between entities under common control in which there are leasehold improvements. The amendments apply to all entities (that is, public business entities, private companies, not-for-profit entities, and employee benefit plans). The amendments in this Update for both Issue 1 and Issue 2 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it shall adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company considers that ASU No. 2023-01 did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-02 “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects”, which amended Subtopic 323-740, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures—Income Taxes, introduced the option to apply the proportional amortization method to account for investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other
income tax benefits when certain requirements are met. The amendments in this Update apply to all reporting entities that hold (1) tax equity investments that meet the conditions for and elect to account for them using the proportional amortization method or (2) an investment in a LIHTC structure through a limited liability entity that is not accounted for using the proportional amortization method and to which certain LIHTC-specific guidance removed from Subtopic 323-740 has been applied. The amendments in this Update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it shall adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company considers that the Update No. 2023-02 will not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.