Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME

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FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME
 6 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME
Fee and commission income is recognized when, or as, the Group satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised services to the customers. A service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Group determines the customer obtains control over the promised service. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Group’s progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the services to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Group expects to receive in exchange for those promised services (i.e., the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, the Group considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration, if any.

The Company’s revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when the performance obligations are satisfied at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services. The majority of the Group’s performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time and are typically collected from customers by debiting their brokerage account with the Group.
Brokerage Services and Bank services
Commissions from brokerage services — The Group earns commission revenue by executing, settling and clearing transactions with clients primarily in exchange-traded and over-the-counter corporate equity and debt securities, money market instruments and exchange-traded options and futures contracts. Commissions from bank services — The Group earns bank commissions by executing client order for money transfer, purchase and sale of foreign currency, and other bank services. A substantial portion of the Group's revenue is derived from commissions from private clients through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Trade execution and clearing services, when provided together, represent a single performance obligation, as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, are recognized at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied.

Commission revenue is generally paid on settlement date, which is generally two business days after trade date for equity securities and corporate bond transactions and one day for government securities, options and commodities transactions. The Group records a receivable on the trade date and receives a payment on the settlement date.

Investment Banking

The Group earns underwriting revenues by providing capital raising solutions for corporate clients through initial public offerings, follow-on offerings, equity-linked offerings, private investments in public entities, and private placements. Underwriting revenues are recognized at a point in time on placement date, as the client obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at that point. These fees are generally received within 90 days after the placement date. Transaction-related expenses, primarily consisting of legal, travel and other costs directly associated with the transaction, are included in underwriting revenues. These costs are deferred and recognized in the same period as the related investment banking transaction revenue. However, if the transaction is abandoned and does not close, the accounting treatment for the transaction-related costs may differ. In such cases, the accounting principles typically require the immediate recognition of the transaction-related expenses as an expense in the period in which the decision to abandon the transaction is made. This ensures that the costs associated with the abandoned transaction are recognized and reflected accurately in the financial statements of the entity.
Receivables and Contract Balances
Receivables arise when the Group has an unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer and are derecognized when the cash is received. Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are disclosed in Note 6 in the notes to consolidated financial statements.

Contract assets arise when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized before the Group’s unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer (i.e., unbilled receivable) and are derecognized when either it becomes a receivable or the cash is received. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, contract asset balances were not material.

Contract liabilities arise when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of the Group satisfying its performance obligations under the contract and are derecognized when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized either when a milestone is met triggering the contractual right to bill the customer or when the performance obligation is satisfied. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, contract liability balances were not material.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022, fee and commission income was comprised of:
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Europe excluding Eastern Europe
The Unites States
 Middle East/Caucasus Total
Brokerage services $ 58,603  $ 24,038  $ 959  $ 1,113  $ 84,713 
Commission income from payment processing
10,299  —  —  —  10,299 
Bank services 9,308  —  —  —  9,308 
Underwriting and market-making services 1,771  —  1,139  —  2,910 
Other fee and commission income 4,246  209  18  —  4,473 
Total fee and commission income $ 84,227  $ 24,247  $ 2,116  $ 1,113  $ 111,703 

Three months ended September 30, 2022
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Europe excluding Eastern Europe
The Unites States
 Middle East/Caucasus Total
Brokerage service $ 11,512  $ 62,781  $ 1,050  $ —  $ 75,343 
Bank services 5,779  —  —  —  5,779 
Underwriting and market-making services 1,587  —  —  —  1,587 
Other fee and commission income 189  259  —  —  448 
Total fee and commission income $ 19,067  $ 63,040  $ 1,050  $ —  $ 83,157 
Six months ended September 30, 2023
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Europe excluding Eastern Europe
The Unites States
 Middle East/Caucasus Total
Brokerage service $ 93,621  $ 42,989  $ 2,072  $ 1,113  $ 139,795 
Commission income from processing 28,341  —  —  —  28,341 
Bank services 22,149  —  —  —  22,149 
Underwriting and market-making services 6,469  —  5,272  —  11,741 
Other fee and commission income 7,032  424  924  —  8,380 
Total fee and commission income $ 157,612  $ 43,413  $ 8,268  $ 1,113  $ 210,406 

Six months ended September 30, 2022
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Europe excluding Eastern Europe
The Unites States
 Middle East/Caucasus Total
Brokerage service $ 15,115  $ 141,644  $ 2,184  $ —  $ 158,943 
Bank services 9,592  —  —  —  9,592 
Underwriting and market-making services 3,230  —  —  —  3,230 
Other fee and commission income 322  516  —  —  838 
Total fee and commission income $ 28,259  $ 142,160  $ 2,184  $ —  $ 172,603