Freedom Holding Corp. Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME

FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME

9 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Fee and commission income is recognized when, or as, the Group satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised services to the customers. A service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Group determines the customer obtains control over the promised service. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Group’s progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the services to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Group expects to receive in exchange for those promised services (i.e., the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, the Group considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration, if any.

The Group’s revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when the Group's performance obligations are satisfied at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services. The majority of the Group’s performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time and are typically collected from customers by debiting their brokerage account with the Group.

Brokerage Services

The Group earns commission revenue by executing, settling and clearing transactions with clients primarily in exchange-traded and over-the-counter financial instruments related to corporate equity and debt securities, money market instruments and exchange-traded options and futures contracts. Trade execution and clearing services, when provided together, represent a single performance obligation, as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, are recognized at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied.

Banking Services

The Group earns revenue from two primary streams related to commissions from bank services:

•The Group earns banking commissions by executing client orders for money transfer, purchase and sale of foreign currency, and other banking services. A substantial portion of the Group's revenue is derived from commissions from private clients through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Commission revenue is collected and recognized by the Company at a point in time at the execution of the order.

•Interchange — The Group acts as an agent between customers and international payment systems, such as VISA and MasterCard. When using third-party payment platforms or networks, the Group is an agent for the payment processing services to retail customers and, therefore, revenue is recognized on a net basis, as the Group is not primarily responsible for fulfilling the payment processing on third parties' payment platforms/networks and has no discretion in establishing the selling price of the payment processing service to the retail customer on third party payment platforms/networks. Fees from customers using third-party payment platform are earned for processing debit card transactions.

Payment Processing

The Group earns revenue from two primary streams related to payment processing:

•Commissions from payment processing services, which include activities such as authorization, clearing, and settlement of electronic payments. The Company recognizes revenue at the time when the payment card transaction is completed. Commission rates are based on the amounts of transactions. Fees are typically billed and paid monthly.

•Provision of IT infrastructure to merchants to facilitate payments. The Company recognizes revenue at the time when the performance obligation is satisfied which is as soon as payments are facilitated. These services are typically provided under a commission rate from amounts of facilitated payments. Fees are typically billed and paid monthly.

Underwriting and Market-Making Services

The Group earns underwriting revenues by providing capital raising solutions for corporate clients through initial public offerings, follow-on offerings, equity-linked offerings, private investments in public entities, and private placements. Underwriting revenues are recognized at a point in time on the relevant placement date, as the client obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at that point. These revenues are generally received within 90 days after the placement date. Transaction-related expenses, primarily consisting of legal, travel and other costs directly associated with the transaction, are included in underwriting revenues. These costs are deferred and recognized in the same period as the related investment banking transaction revenue. However, if the transaction is abandoned and does not close, the accounting treatment for the transaction-related costs may differ. In such cases, the accounting principles typically require the immediate recognition of the transaction-related expenses as an expense in the period in which the decision to abandon the transaction is made. This ensures that the costs associated with the abandoned transaction are recognized and reflected accurately in the financial statements of the entity.

Receivables and Contract Balances

Receivables arise when the Group has an unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer and are derecognized when the payment is received. Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are disclosed in Note 6 "Margin Lending, Brokerage and Other Receivables, Net" in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Contract assets arise when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized before the Group’s unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer (i.e., unbilled receivable) and are derecognized when either it becomes a receivable or the cash is received. As of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the Group's contract asset balances were not material.

Contract liabilities arise when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of the Group satisfying its performance obligations under the contract and are derecognized when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized either when a milestone is met triggering the contractual right to bill the customer or when the performance obligation is satisfied. As of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, contract liability balances were not material.

During the three months and the nine months ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, fee and commission income comprised:


	Three months ended December 31, 2024
	Brokerage		Banking		Insurance		Other		Total

Brokerage services	$	118,841	$	—	$	—			$	118,841
Bank services	—		8,360		—				8,360
Commission income from payment processing	—		—		—		7,137		7,137
Underwriting and market-making services	1,549		—		—				1,549
Other fee and commission income	310		238		—		7,001		7,549
Total fee and commission income	$	120,700	$	8,598	$	—	$	14,138	$	143,436


	Three months ended December 31, 2023
	Brokerage		Banking		Insurance		Other		Total

Brokerage service	$	99,813	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	99,813
Commission income from payment processing	—		—		—		8,977		8,977
Underwriting and market-making services	3,344		—		—		—		3,344
Bank services	—		1,331		—		—		1,331
Other fee and commission income	249		171		38		6,236		6,694
Total fee and commission income	$	103,406	$	1,502	$	38	$	15,213	$	120,159


	Nine months ended December 31, 2024
	Brokerage		Banking		Insurance		Other		Total

Brokerage services	$	319,386	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	319,386
Commission income from payment processing	—		—		—		21,670		21,670
Bank services	—		12,748		—		—		12,748
Underwriting and market-making services	7,465		—		—		—		7,465
Other fee and commission income	432		844		147		17,284		18,707
Total fee and commission income	$	327,283	$	13,592	$	147	$	38,954	$	379,976


	Nine months ended December 31, 2023
	Brokerage		Banking		Insurance		Other		Total

Brokerage services	$	239,608	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	239,608
Commission income from payment processing	—		—		—		37,318		37,318
Bank services	—		23,480		—		—		23,480
Underwriting and market-making services	15,085		—		—		—		15,085
Other fee and commission income	359		714		82		13,919		15,074
Total fee and commission income	$	255,052	$	24,194	$	82	$	51,237	$	330,565