Freedom Holding Corp. Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

The Group's accounting policies and accompanying consolidated financial statements conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP).

Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements present the consolidated accounts of FRHC and its consolidated subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated from the consolidated financial statements.

Consolidation of variable interest entities

In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities ("VIEs"), VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision making ability. VIEs must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes. As of March 31, 2024 there are no VIEs in respect of the Company. As of March 31, 2023 and for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the only VIE of the Company was Freedom UA.

The carrying amounts of Freedom UA’s consolidated assets and liabilities were as follows as of March 31, 2023:


	March 31, 2023

Cash and cash equivalents	26
Restricted cash	1,936
Trading securities	4,010
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net	1,616
Fixed assets, net	782
Intangible assets, net	131
Right-of-use asset	135
Other assets	56

Total assets	$	8,692

Customer liabilities	5,837
Securities repurchase agreement obligations	12
Trade payables	25
Lease liability	159
Other liabilities	298

Total liabilities	$	6,331

Loss of control of Freedom UA

Amidst the Russia-Ukraine conflict and subsequent economic sanctions, Freedom UA was added to the Ukrainian government's sanctioned entities and individuals list, resulting in restrictive measures being imposed on it by the Ukrainian authorities, including suspension of its brokerage license. Effective April 1, 2023, the Company removed its equity interest in Freedom UA from its consolidated financial statements and recognized a loss of control of such company. The Company accounted for the deconsolidation of Freedom UA by recognizing loss in net income attributable to the Company as the difference between net liabilities of Freedom UA as of April 1, 2023 (date of loss of control) and net liabilities as of March 31, 2024.

Non-Consolidation of Freedom Securities Trading Inc.

The Company has assessed whether it should consolidate Freedom Securities Trading Inc. (formerly known as FFIN Brokerage Services, Inc.) ("FST Belize") under the variable interest entity (“VIE”) accounting method or the voting interest method ("VOE"). In July 2014, prior to the Company's reverse acquisition transaction, Timur Turlov founded FST Belize, a Belize-based broker dealer. FST Belize is solely owned by Mr. Turlov and was not acquired by the Company as part of the reverse acquisition transaction. Although FRHC and FST Belize are common control entities, under the control of an individual, there is no indication that FRHC should consolidate FST Belize given that:

(1) FST Belize is not a VIE and is not subject to further VIE analysis due to the fact it has sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional financial support and the control over its significant activities is held by its sole shareholder, Mr. Turlov who is also FRHC's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer; and

(2) Mr. Turlov has a controlling interest in FST Belize such that under the VOE model FRHC is not required to consolidate FST Belize.

FST Belize is a corporation and Mr. Turlov is the sole owner of FST Belize, holding 100% of the ownership interest in it. There are no other shareholders or parties with participating rights or the ability to remove Mr. Turlov from his ownership position. Mr.Turlov has the ability to make all decisions in respect of FST Belize. FRHC's management has also assessed the relationship between FRHC (through its subsidiary Freedom EU) and FST Belize. Other than the tariff rates stipulated in the Variation Agreement dated February 25, 2020 entered into between Freedom EU and FST Belize, including the General Terms and Conditions of Business, which sets out the specific terms and conditions of the relationship between Freedom EU and FST Belize, there are no other contractual agreements or other implicit arrangements between the two parties that provide FRHC the power to control the operations of FST Belize. In December 2022 the Company changed its treatment of certain interest income so that it applies from the settlement date whereas previously it applied from the trade date. As a result of that change, the Company's management has continued to assess for any modifications or reconsideration events.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing the Group's financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue and expense recognition

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services promised to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. A significant portion of the Group's revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans and investment securities, as these activities are subject to other U.S. GAAP guidance discussed elsewhere within these disclosures. Descriptions of the Group's revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as components of total revenue, net are as follows:

• Commissions on brokerage services;

• Commissions on banking services (money transfers, foreign exchange operations and other);

• Agency fee commissions (the Company earns agency fee commissions through its facilitation of transactions between clients);

• Commissions on payment processing; and

• Commissions on investment banking services (underwriting, market making, and bondholders' representation services).

Concentrations of Revenue

Revenues from one customer of the Group’s Brokerage segment represents the following amount of the Group’s consolidated revenues:


	2024	2023	2022
Single non-related party	296,257	48,430	—

Gross versus net revenue

ASC 606 provides guidance on proper recognition of principal versus agent considerations which is used to determine gross versus net revenue recognition. Under ASC 606, the core objective of the guidance on gross versus net revenue recognition is to help determine whether the Group is a principal or an agent in a transaction. In general, the primary difference between these two is the performance obligation being satisfied. The principal has a performance obligation to provide the desired goods or services to the end customer, whereas the agent arranges for the principal to provide the

desired goods or services. Additionally, a fundamental characteristic of a principal in a transaction is control. A principal substantively controls the goods and services before they are transferred to the customer as well as controls the price of the good or service being provided. An agent normally receives a commission or fee for these activities. In addition to control, the level at which the Group controls the price of the good or service being transferred determines principal versus agent status. The more discretion over setting price a Group has in providing the good or service, the more likely they are considered a principal rather than an agent.

In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing products and services to Freedom's customers. If Freedom is principal in the transaction (providing goods or services itself), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in non interest expense. If Freedom is an agent in the transaction (arranging for another party to provide goods or services), the Group reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue.

Interest income

Interest income on margin loans, loans issued, trading securities, available-for-sale securities, and reverse repurchase agreement obligations are recognized based on the contractual provisions of the underlying arrangements.

Loan premiums and discounts are deferred and generally amortized into interest income as yield adjustments over the contractual life and/or commitment period using the effective interest method.

The Group suspends accrual of interest income for the loans which meet the impairment criteria.

Unamortized premiums, discounts and other basis adjustments on trading securities are generally recognized in interest income over the contractual lives of the securities using the effective interest method.

Interest income from marginal lending includes income accrued on off-balance sheet arrangements, which mainly include repurchase agreements of the Group’s brokerage clients.

Loans

The Group's loan portfolio is divided into: mortgages, uncollateralized bank customer loans, collateralized bank customer loans, car loans, loans issued to policyholders, right of claim for purchased retail loans and subordinated loans. Mortgage loans consist of loans provided to individuals to purchase residential properties, which is used as collateral for the loan. Uncollateralized bank customer loans consist of loans provided through credit cards to individuals, individual entrepreneurs and retail unsecured banking loans provided to individuals. Collateralized bank customer loans consist of retail collateralized loans provided to individuals. Subordinated loans consist of uncollateralized loans provided to the legal entities to support their businesses, that ranks below other, more senior loans or securities with respect to claims on assets or earnings. Margin loans are not classified as part of the Group's loan portfolio and are instead recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets under Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net. Loans to policyholders are represented by loans issued by insurer to its policyholders under an accumulative insurance contract. Policy loans are provided within the redemption amount, which is a security for the return of the received loan and covers the loans amount and interest. Car loans consists of loans provided to individuals to purchase new or used car. Right of claim for purchased retail loans represented by microfinance organization Freedom Finance Credit (“FFIN Credit") loans. Additionally, most of our mortgage loans, uncollateralized bank customer loans, collateralized bank customer loans, car loans, and rights of claim for purchased retail loans are digital in nature.

A loan becomes delinquent when the borrower doesn't fulfill its obligations to the Group to repay the loan on time according to the agreement.

Write-off

Loans are written off either partially or in their entirety only when the Group has stopped pursuing the recovery. If the amount to be written off is greater than the accumulated loss allowance, the difference is first treated as an addition to the allowance that is then applied against the gross carrying amount. Any subsequent recoveries are credited to expected credit loss expense.

The loan or part of the loan can be fully or partially written off in the following cases:

•death of the borrower;

•bankruptcy of the borrower;

•entry into force of a court decision on refusal or partial satisfaction of the Group's claims for debt collection;

•conversion of the pledged property into the ownership of the Group;

•assignment by the Group of its rights of claim to third parties.

Modifications

Where possible, the Group seeks to restructure loans rather than to take possession of collateral. This may involve extending the payment arrangements and the agreement of new loan conditions.

The Group derecognizes loan when the terms and conditions have been renegotiated to the extent that, substantially, it becomes a new loan, with the difference recognized as a derecognition gain or loss, to the extent that an impairment loss has not already been recorded. When assessing whether or not to derecognize a loan to a customer, amongst others, the Group considers the following factors: change in currency of the loan, change in counterparty and modifications.

Allowance for credit losses

The Group maintains an allowance for credit losses (ACL) for financial assets measured at amortized cost. The ACL mainly consists of the allowance for loan losses, and the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale securities. The estimate of expected credit losses under the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology adopted on April 1, 2023 is based on relevant information about the past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts.

Allowance for credit losses - Loans

On April 1, 2023, the Group adopted new accounting guidance which requires entities to estimate and recognize an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses for loans. Previously, an allowance for credit losses for loans was recognized based on probable incurred losses.

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost of total loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans.

Under CECL, the Group's methodology to establish the allowance for loan losses has two basic components: (1) a collective CECL component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics and (2) an individual CECL component for loans that do not share common risk characteristics.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant and available information from internal and external sources, relating to past events, including historical trends in loan delinquencies and charge offs, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Allowance for credit losses for loans that share common risk characteristics

Pooling loans with common risk characteristics for estimating allowance for credit losses is primarily based on the segmentation by product type and the type of collateral provided. The Group estimates current expected credit loss for loans with common risk characteristics using the PD/LGD methodology, which is based on relevant information about historical experience, current conditions, as well as reasonable forecasts that allow estimating the Group's potential losses on the loan portfolio.

In assessing the Probability of Default (PD) for loans with common risk characteristics, the Group uses average monthly loan balance flowing across delinquency buckets over a period of five years or more. Based on the weighted average maturity of loans with common risk characteristics, using the Markov chain method, the proportion of possible loan agreements with overdue debts over 90 days for individuals and individual entrepreneurs and over 60 days for legal entities is determined, which are used to determine the PD for a pool of loans. If there are no own statistics, then the calculation of PD is carried out on the basis of statistics of State Credit Bureau JSC on past events for a period of five or more years. The resulting PD indicator is adjusted for qualitative or internal and external environmental factors not considered within the

model, but which are relevant in estimating the expected credit losses within the loan portfolio. The macroeconomic indicators impacting the expected risk of loss within the loan portfolios may include the following: GDP, Brent oil price, inflation and exchange rate. These macroeconomic indicators are recalculated once per year, used throughout the year and for all loan types. For defaulted loans, PD of 100% is applied, for non-impaired loans PD for the average life of the pool is recognized at inception.

In order to estimate the loss given default (LGD) for loans with common risk characteristics, the Company uses collateral valuations for secured loans and historical data on recoveries through cash repayments of defaulted loans for unsecured loans. For secured loans the Company takes into account the latest market value of the collateral on the calculation date. First, liquidity ratios are applied to market values based on the type of collateral, after which the value of the collateral is discounted at the original effective interest rate of the loan agreement for the risk periods corresponding to the types of collateral. The LGD calculation methodology is the same for both non-impaired and defaulted secured loans. For unsecured loans, the Group uses the average monthly share of repayments of defaulted loans over the past 5 years, discounted back at the weighted average effective interest rate.

The described above PD/LGD approach apply for all type of loans, as well as non-impaired and defaulted.

Allowance for credit losses for loans that do not share common risk characteristics

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with any pools of assets are subject to individual evaluation and are removed from the collectively assessed pools. Loans that are individually evaluated for collectability are reviewed based on an assessment of the financial condition of the borrower, taking into account the most possible debt repayment scenarios: due to expected cash flows from operating activities, cash available from guarantors, founders, shareholders, investors, related companies, other confirmed cash flows, restructuring of the borrower's obligations and the sale of collateral. Depending on the loan maturity date, the expected cash flows are discounted at the original effective interest rate and allowance for credit losses are calculated as the difference between the discounted expected cash flows and outstanding balance of the loan. If repayment of the debt is deemed impossible, based on the expected cash flows, the Group accrues allowance for credit losses in the amount of 100% of the loan balance.

Loan portfolio risk elements and credit risk management

Credit risk management. When implementing credit risk management processes, the Group is guided by internal policies and procedures, which define the main goals, objectives, principles, priority areas for the formation of an internal effective credit risk management system that corresponds to the current market situation and the Group's development strategy, and ensures effective identification, measurement, monitoring and control of the Group's credit risk. In order to minimize credit risk, the Group has developed procedures for managing internal risk appetite limits for currencies, countries, sectors of the economy, business categories and products, types of collateral, concentration of risk on the top 20 borrowers, debts of a group of related borrowers, etc. Control over the level of limits on credit risk is carried out by the Group's dedicated credit risk team through the preparation of monthly management reports, which include, but are not limited to, information on the quality of the loan portfolio, its classification in accordance with the requirements of reporting standards, on the amount of exposure to credit risk, including a group of related borrowers, on the concentration of credit risk of the largest borrowers and borrowers as related parties to the Group, on the internal rating of borrowers, etc. When analyzing a borrower, the Group uses the following information to assess creditworthiness: the borrower's existing loans, the presence of overdue debt, income, age, work experience and dynamics of credit behavior.

Mortgage loans. The Group provides mortgage loans for the purchase of real estate in both the primary and secondary markets. This is done through the Group's own and government lending programs, relevant lending products as described in the Group's internal normative documents. The main share of the Group's loan portfolio is represented by mortgage loans issued within the framework of state support programs, funded from the funds of quasi-state organizations. Valuation of real estate collateral is carried out directly by independent appraisal companies with subsequent confirmation by the Group's collateral service. The collateral policy and methodology of the process for working with collateral comply with the regulatory requirements of the regulator and the banking legislation of the country. In the process of making decisions on the solvency and creditworthiness of borrowers, an automatic check is carried out through external and internal databases. To do this, the results of both the Group's own and third-party credit scoring models are taken into account. The Group does not use third party loan underwriting services. Residential mortgages include only fixed rate loans secured by real estate purchases. When making a decision to issue a mortgage on housing, the Group takes into account the qualifications of the borrower, as well as the value of the underlying property.

Car loans. When making decisions on car loans, the Group uses both evaluation and scoring systems. The Group provides loans for the purchase of motor vehicles both under the C2C scheme and under the B2C scheme with the participation of

car dealerships. The decision-making process includes the use of data from credit bureaus, government databases and other sources of information. This allows not only to assess the financial capacity of a potential borrower, but also to evaluate the purchased vehicle. Machine learning models have also been introduced that analyze data about the cars themselves and sellers. This allows to automatically screen out applications with high potential credit risk.

Right of claim for purchased retail loans. The Group regularly acquires receivables on consumer credit products from other financial institutions through assignment agreements (cessions). This pool of the Group's loan portfolio has higher recoverability due to the presence of a condition for the repurchase of loans by a microfinance organization in the event of an overdue debt on these loans for more than 20 calendar days in accordance with the agreement between the Group and the microfinance organization.

In order to assess the solvency of a financial institution, its financial position and the ability to fulfill obligations under an agreement on the repurchase of loans in case of default in payment terms for 20 or more days are analyzed.

Uncollateralized bank customer loans. The Group primarily offers unsecured loans for individual entrepreneurs, constituting the majority of its uncollateralized bank customer loans. Several scoring models are used to make decisions about this product to determine the risk segment for each customer. The income of the client and the class of the borrower are also estimated based on his property status. The Group uses data from official sources to determine the payment fund for an individual entrepreneur and turnover through an online cash register, which helps to assess the solvency of customers.

Part of the retail loan portfolio is represented by loans issued without collateral for consumer purposes. The main condition for issuing loans to potential borrowers is compliance with the regulator's requirement that the amount of monthly loan payments does not exceed 50% of the borrower's income after a credit analysis. In case of violation of this condition, the Group rejects the loan request.

The final decision to grant a limit depends on the risk segment and income class of the borrower. Loans are issued both within the framework of their own programs and under government programs with subsidized interest rates in the portfolio.

Collateralized bank customer loans. The Group provides loans secured by guarantees issued by the quasi-governmental company's and by highly liquid financial assets. Due to the presence of collateral, the maximum loan amount significantly exceeds those provided for unsecured loans. At the loan issuance date, the collateral value fully covers the loan amount.

Derivative financial instruments

The Group enters into derivatives, such as foreign currency swaps, to diversify its funding sources and manage foreign currency risk; the Group does not use derivatives for trading purposes, to generate income or to engage in speculative activity. The Group enters into derivatives that not designated in hedging relationships under ASC 815, the fair value adjustments are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and trading securities, net. Derivatives in a gain position are reported as derivative assets at fair value and derivatives in a loss position are reported as derivative liabilities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. In our consolidated statements of cash flows, cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified according to the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transaction, generally in the investing section for derivatives not designated in hedging relationships.

Functional currency

Management has adopted ASC 830, Foreign Currency Translation Matters as it pertains to its foreign currency translation. The Company's functional currencies are the Kazakhstan tenge, the euro, the U.S. dollar, the Uzbekistani som, the Kyrgyzstani som, the Azerbaijani manat, the British pound sterling, the Armenian dram, the United Arab Emirates dirham and the Turkish lira, and its reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. For financial reporting purposes, foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars as the reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Average quarterly rates are used to translate revenues and expenses. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of shareholders' equity as "Accumulated other comprehensive loss". The Group uses exchange rates from the NBK for foreign currency translation purposes.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are generally comprised of cash and certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include reverse repurchase agreements with a

maturity of less than 90 days and where the credit risk of the counterparty is low, which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired plus accrued interest.

Securities reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements

A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Group purchases financial instruments from a seller, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to resell the same or substantially the same financial instruments to the seller for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at the contractual amount for which the securities will be resold, including accrued interest. Financial instruments purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are recorded in the financial statements as cash placed on deposit collateralized by securities and classified as cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Group sells financial instruments to another party, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to reacquire the same or substantially the same financial instruments from the buyer for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. These agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions. The Group retains the financial instruments sold under repurchase agreements and classifies them as trading securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The consideration received under repurchase agreements is classified as securities repurchase agreement obligations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Group enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to leverage and grow its proprietary trading portfolio, cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers' needs and to finance its asset positions. The Group enters into these transactions in accordance with normal market practice. Under standard terms for repurchase transactions, the recipient of collateral has the right to sell or repledge the collateral, subject to returning equivalent securities on settlement of the transaction.

Restricted cash

Restricted cash consists of cash and cash equivalents that are held for specific reasons and not available for immediate use. Certain subsidiaries of the Group are obligated by rules and regulations mandated by their primary regulators to segregate or set aside certain customer cash in the interests of protecting customer assets. Restricted cash is mainly represented by customer cash and guaranty deposits, which are restricted in use by the Group for more than three months.

Available-for-sale securities

Financial assets categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") are non-derivatives that are either designated as available-for-sale or not classified as (a) loans and receivables, (b) held to maturity investments or (c) trading securities.

Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the Accumulated other comprehensive loss, with the exception of other-than-temporary impairment losses, interest calculated using the effective interest method, and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income. When the investment is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, the cumulative gain or loss previously accumulated in the accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income is then reclassified to net realized gain/(loss) on investments available-for-sale in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

Trading securities

Financial assets are classified as trading securities if the financial asset has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling it in the near term.

Trading securities are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in revenue. Changes in fair value are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in net gain on trading securities. Interest earned and dividend income are recognized in the

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in interest income and other income, respectively, according to the terms of the contract and when the right to receive the payment has been established.

Investments in nonconsolidated managed funds are accounted for at fair value based on the net asset value of the funds provided by the fund managers with gains or losses included in net gain on trading securities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

Debt securities issued

Debt securities issued are initially recognized at the fair value of the consideration received, less directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently, amounts due are stated at amortized cost and any difference between net proceeds and the redemption value is recognized over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. If the Group purchases its own debt it is removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the difference between the carrying amount of the liability and the consideration paid is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables

The Group engages in securities financing transactions with and for clients through margin lending. In margin lending, the Group's customers borrow funds from the Group or sell securities the customer does not own against the value of their qualifying securities held in custody by the Group. Under these agreements, the Group is permitted to sell or repledge securities received as collateral. Furthermore, the contractual arrangements establish that the Group can use the pledged collateral by the customers for repurchase agreement operations, securities lending transactions or delivery to other counterparties to cover short positions.

Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables comprise margin lending receivables, brokerage commissions and other receivables related to the securities brokerage and banking activity of the Group. At initial recognition, margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are recognized at fair value. Subsequently, margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are carried at cost net of any allowance for credit losses.

For both individual and institutional brokerage clients, the Group may enter into arrangements for securities financing transactions in respect of financial instruments held by the Group on behalf of the client or may use such financial instruments for its own account or the account of another client. The Group maintains omnibus brokerage accounts for certain institutional brokerage clients, in which transactions of the underlying clients of such institutional clients are combined in a single account with us. As noted above, the Group may use the assets within the omnibus accounts to finance, lend, provide credit or provide debt financing or otherwise use and direct the order or manner of assets for financing of other clients of ours.

As of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the margin lending receivables balance from FST Belize was fully collateralized by its customer-owned cash and market securities held by the Group, including $— millions and $37.1 of margin lending receivables collateralized by FRHC securities, respectively. Customers’ required margin levels and established credit limits are monitored continuously by the Group's risk management staff. Pursuant to the Group’s policy, customers are required to deposit additional collateral or reduce positions, when necessary, to avoid liquidation of their positions.

Derecognition of financial assets

A financial asset (or, where applicable a part of a financial asset or a part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized where all of the following conditions are met:

•The transferred financial assets have been isolated from the Group - put presumptively beyond the reach of the Group and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership.

•The transferee has rights to pledge or exchange financial assets.

•The Group or its agents do not maintain effective control over the transferred financial assets or third-party beneficial interests related to those transferred assets.

Where the Group has not met the asset derecognition conditions above, it continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement.

Impairment of long-lived assets

In accordance with the accounting guidance for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, the Group periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used when events and circumstances warrant such a review. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the fair value from such asset is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of are determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for the cost of disposal. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 the Group did not record any charges for impairment of long-lived assets.

Impairment of goodwill

Goodwill is allocated to reporting units, which are identified as the operating segments or one level below operating segments that generate separate financial information regularly reviewed by management. The assignment of goodwill to reporting units allows for the assessment of potential impairment at the appropriate level within the organization.

The Group has identified its reporting units based on its organizational and operational structure, as well as the level at which internal financial information is reviewed by management to make strategic decisions. In line with this, the reporting units have been established as follows:

Brokerage Reporting Unit: This reporting unit represents the Group's operations in brokerage business. The management team responsible for the brokerage business regularly reviews financial information specific to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and key performance indicators.

Bank Reporting Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Group's operations in bank business. The management team responsible for the bank business reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.

Insurance Reporting Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Group's operations in insurance business. The management team responsible for the insurance business reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.

Other Reporting Unit: This reporting unit represents the Group's various businesses operations. The management team responsible for the group's various businesses reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.

Goodwill has been allocated to each reporting unit based on its relative fair value at the time of acquisition or significant triggering events. The fair value allocation of goodwill to reporting units is periodically reassessed to ensure alignment with the Group's evolving organizational structure and operational dynamics.

The Group conducts impairment testing on an annual basis or whenever indicators of potential impairment arise. The impairment testing involves comparing the carrying amount of each subsidiary, including its allocated goodwill, to its fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized.

Further details regarding the measurement of goodwill impairment and the results of impairment tests for each reporting unit are provided below.

The Group discloses information about the reporting units, the carrying amounts of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit, and the impairment losses recognized. The allocation of goodwill to reporting units ensures a focused evaluation of each unit's financial performance and facilitates the identification of potential impairment, enhancing the transparency and reliability of the Company's financial reporting.

Business combinations and acquisitions

Acquisitions of businesses not under common control are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Group, liabilities incurred by the Group to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are generally

recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The assets and liabilities acquired are recognized, with certain exceptions such as deferred taxes, at their fair values at the acquisition date.

Business combinations under common control are accounted for under the pooling of interests method which involves combining the financial statements of the acquiring and acquired entities as if they had been combined from the beginning of the common control relationship. The assets and liabilities are combined on a carry over basis and not restated to its fair values. This approach required the Group to recast its consolidated financial statements to reflect the assets, liabilities and operations of the acquired entities since the beginning of the earliest comparative period.

Income taxes

The Group recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.

Current income tax expenses are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, the Group is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Group accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for tax consequences in future years based on differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements at each year-end and tax loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable for the differences that are expected to affect taxable income.

The Group records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) the Group determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Group recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

The Group will include interest and fines arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the provision for income taxes (if anticipated). As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group had no accrued interest or fines related to uncertain tax positions.

The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act require the Group to include in its U.S. income tax return foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary's tangible assets. The Group has presented the deferred tax impacts of GILTI tax in its consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Pillar 1 and Pillar 2

In October 2021, the Inclusive Framework, established by members of the OECD and the G20 countries, reached an agreement on a Two-Pillar Solution to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy (Pillar 1 and Pillar 2). The Inclusive Framework brings together over 140 countries and jurisdictions, including Kazakhstan.

Pillar 2 rules apply to multinational enterprises with annual consolidated revenue of 750 million EUR or more (“MNE groups”).

In general, Pillar 2 rules introduce additional taxation on the profits of in-scope MNE groups in cases where the effective tax rate ("ETR") in the jurisdictions where they operate falls below 15%. The global minimum tax consists of three principle rules: the income inclusion rule (IIR), the undertaxed payments rule (UTPR), and the subject to tax rule (STTR).

In order to apply Pillar 2 rules, they need to be implemented into national legislation. On October 3, 2023, the Cyprus Ministry of Finance launched a public consultation on a draft bill for the transposition into national law of the Council Directive (EU) 2022/2523 of December 14, 2022 on ensuring a global minimum level of taxation for multinational enterprise groups and large-scale domestic groups. The draft bill provides for an IIR practically as from 2024, a UTPR

practically as from 2025 which is a supplementary additional tax (rather than as an adjustment to corporate income tax through a denied deduction), and a domestic minimum top-up tax as from 2025.

Kazakhstan, as a member of the Inclusive Framework, has agreed to the Two-Pillar Solution to address challenges related to the digitization of the economy. However, Kazakhstan has not yet implemented Pillar 2 rules into its legislation. Despite this, profits of companies in Kazakhstan that are constituent entities of MNE groups could potentially be subject to taxation in jurisdictions where other group companies (parent company, subsidiaries, branches, etc.) are located and where Pillar 2 rules are already in effect (i.e., Cyprus). This situation may occur when these companies generate profits in Kazakhstan but have not paid the minimum tax of 15%.

Fair Value

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Fair value is the current bid price for financial assets, current ask price for financial liabilities and the average of current bid and ask prices when the Group is both in short and long positions for the financial instrument. A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange or other institution and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm's length basis.

Leases

The Group follows ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," upon adoption of ASC 842, the Group elected not to recognize leases with terms of one-year or less on the balance sheet.

Operating lease assets and corresponding lease liabilities were recognized on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 27 "Leases", to the consolidated financial statements for additional disclosure and significant accounting policies affecting leases.

Fixed assets

Fixed assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Maintenance, repairs, and minor renewals are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range between three and sixty-five years.

Insurance and reinsurance receivable

Insurance receivable is recognized when the contract comes into force and measured on initial recognition at the fair value of the consideration receivable. Reinsurance receivable is recognized when a gross payment is accrued for which there is reinsurance coverage. Subsequent to initial recognition, any insurance and reinsurance receivable is measured at cost net of any allowance for impairment losses.

Deferred acquisition costs

Deferred acquisition costs are commissions, premium taxes, and other incremental direct costs of contract acquisition that results directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and would not have been incurred by the Group had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. The deferred amounts are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and amortized to expense in a systematic manner. Traditional life insurance deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized over the coverage period of the related insurance contracts. Deferred acquisition costs for property and casualty insurance and short-duration health insurance are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies.

Insurance and reinsurance payable

Payables on insurance business comprise advances received, amounts payable to insured (claims and premium refund payable) and amounts payable to agents and brokers, and advances received from insurers and reinsurers.

Payables on reinsurance business comprise net amounts payable to reinsurers. Amounts payable to reinsurers include ceded reinsurance premiums, assumed premium refunds and claims on assumed reinsurance. Insurance and reinsurance payable are accounted for at amortized cost.

Unearned premium reserve and claims

Unearned premium is determined by the method of proportion for each contract, as the product of the insurance premium under the contract for the ratio of the expiration of the insurance cover (in days) to the balance sheet date (in days) from the date when contract come into force until the end of the insurance coverage. The reinsurer's share in the unearned premium reserve is calculated separately for each insurance (reinsurance) contract and is determined as the ratio of the insurance premium under the reinsurance contract to the insurance premium under the insurance contract multiplied by the unearned premium reserve.

Results of insurance activity includes net written insurance premiums reduced by the net change in the unearned premium reserve, commissions recognized from assumed insurance and reinsurance contracts, claims paid net and net change in the loss reserves.

Net written insurance premiums represent gross written premiums less premiums ceded to reinsurers. Upon inception of a contract (except for classes of life and annuity insurance), premiums are recorded as written and are earned on a pro rata basis over the term of the related contract coverage. The unearned premium reserve represents the portion of the premiums written relating to the unexpired terms of coverage and is included in the accompanying statement of Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Unearned premium reserve relates to non-life insurance products and non-annuity insurance products.

Claims and other insurance expenses are expensed to the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as incurred.

Insurance loss reserves

Premium Deficiency Reserve

Premium deficiency reserve is a liability balance based on actuarial estimates for anticipated losses on value-based-care contracts reassessed by management when it becomes probable that future losses will be incurred. The reserve balance is the sum of expected future costs, claims adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs that exceed future premiums under contracts excluding consideration from investment income. Losses or gains from these reassessments are recorded in the period in which such losses were identified and reflected within the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Other Comprehensive Loss. If a premium deficiency occur, future changes in the liability is based on the revised assumptions. No loss is reported if it results in creating future income. The liability for future policy benefits using revised assumptions based on actual and anticipated experience is estimated periodically for comparison with the liability for future policy benefits (reduced by unamortized acquisition costs) at the valuation date. Premium deficiency reserves are amortized over the period in which loses are expected to be incurred and expected to have an offsetting impact on operating losses in that period. Premium deficiency reserve process is applicable for both life and non-life insurance policies.

Use of Estimates in Premium Deficiency Reserves. The Group's Premium deficiency reserve may fluctuate from period to period as a percentage of total revenue and value-based care revenue. This is due to the significant uncertainty and varying nature of key inputs into the measurement of the reserves, driving the income or expense in the period. These key inputs include the contractual rates within value-based care contracts, forecasted benefit and member population changes, contractual periods, risk adjustments and claims costs forecasts associated with the Group's member populations and allocation of operating costs to these contracts.

Non-life and general insurance

Loss reserves are a summary of estimates of ultimate losses, and include both claims reported but not settled (RBNS) and claims incurred but not reported (IBNR). RBNS is created for existing reported claims not settled at the reporting date. Estimates are made on the basis of information received by the Group during its investigation of insured events. IBNR is estimated by the Group based on its previous history of reported/settled claims using actuarial methods of calculation, which include claim development triangles.

Reinsurance assets in IBNR are estimated applying the same actuarial method used in IBNR estimation.

Life insurance

Not incurred claims reserves (NIC) on life insurance contracts equal the NIC amount for all life insurance contracts valid as at the reporting date. NIC reserve on a separate contract of life insurance is equal to the maximum value of the net level premium reserve and gross-premium reserve. Net level premium reserve is the present value of future benefits (excluding survival benefits) less present value of future net premiums. Gross-premium reserve is present value of benefits, expenses of the Group that are directly related to consideration, settlement, and determination of the benefit amount, operating expenses of the Group related to conducting of the business, less present value of future gross-premiums. The Group excludes terminations of the contracts from the statistics which is then used for NIC reserves, given the inclusion of terminations will result lower level of NIC reserves which may not be sufficient.

Annuity insurance

NIC reserve on annuity contracts is the sum of the present value of future benefits, the claims for annuity insurance and administrative expenses on annuity insurance contracts maintenance, less the present value of insurance contributions (in case of lump sum - insurance premium), which the Group is due to receive after the settlement date.

The reserves are calculated using the assumptions established at the time the contract was issued, in which case a margin for risk and adverse deviation is generally included.

Segment information

From the beginning of calendar 2024, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and President, who collectively act as our chief operating decision maker (CODM), began to manage our business, make operating decisions, and evaluate operating performance on the basis of a new segmental structure. As a result, we have realigned our reportable segments into the following four segments: Brokerage, Banking, Insurance, and Other. All prior period segment information has been recast to reflect this change in reportable segments.

The Company used the management approach to identify its reportable segments, as required by ASC 280. The management approach is based on the way the Company's management organizes and evaluates its operations, and based on the way the Company's operations are managed and reported in its internal financial reporting system.

The Company evaluated whether its segments met the quantitative thresholds to be reportable separately. The quantitative thresholds require that a segment's revenue is 10% or more of the combined revenue of all segments, or its absolute profit or loss is 10% or more of the greater of the combined absolute profit of all segments that have a positive profit or the combined absolute loss of all segments that have a loss. The Brokerage, Banking and Insurance segments were identified under the quantitative thresholds.

Under the management approach, the Company identified the Brokerage, Banking, Insurance and Other segments as its reportable segments as they are managed separately. The performance of all segments is regularly reviewed by the CODM.

Factors Used in Determining Reportable Segments

The Company considered several factors when determining its reportable segments. These factors include similarities and differences among its products, services, economic factors, and internal reporting.

The Company considered the similarities and differences among its business to determine whether they should be aggregated or reported separately. Each business was determined to be sufficiently different from other businesses and therefore should be reported separately.

The Company also considered the economic factors that affect its operating segments, such as the regulatory environment, competitive landscape, and market conditions, to determine whether they should be reported separately. Reportable regions were determined to have unique economic factors that warranted separate reporting.

The information that is regularly reviewed by the CODM, including but not limited to the revenue, profit or loss, and assets, was also considered by the Company when determining its reportable segments. Each reportable segment was determined to be regularly reviewed by the CODM and therefore should be reported separately. All prior period segment information has been recast to reflect this change in reportable segments.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In June 2016 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which introduced an expected credit loss methodology for the impairment of financial assets measured at amortized cost basis. That methodology replaces the probable, incurred loss model for those assets. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (ASC 326). The Board developed a philosophy to extend and simplify how effective dates are staggered between larger public companies (bucket one) and all other entities (bucket two). Those other entities include private companies, smaller public companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans. Under this philosophy, a major update would first be effective for bucket-one entities, that is, public business entities that are SEC filers, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies (SRCs) under the SEC's definition. All other entities, including SRCs, other public business entities, and nonpublic business entities (private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans) would compose bucket two. For those entities, the Board considered requiring an effective date staggered at least two years after bucket one for major updates. When ASU 2019-10 was issued, it provided SRCs with the option to defer the implementation of the standard. As the Company qualified as an SRC at the time of the standard's release, it chose not to adopt the update on January 1, 2020. Since then, the Company has grown and became a Larger Public Company as of March 31, 2022, and following ASU 2019-10, qualifies for bucket one. Accordingly, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted ASC 326 starting from April 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition approach for its financial assets in scope.

The results for reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326, while prior periods amount continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326.


	March 31, 2023		ASC 326 Adoption Impact		April 1, 2023

Allowance for credit losses for loans
Mortgage loans	$	554	$	2,216	$	2,770
Car loans	759		6,462		7,221
Collateralized bank customer loans	—		35		35
Uncollateralized banks customer loans	233		7,436		7,669
Right of claim for purchased retail loans	1,246		9,046		10,292

Allowance for credit losses for other financial assets	—		249		249

Total allowance for credit losses	$	2,792	$	25,444	$	28,236

Retained earnings

Total allowance increase			25,444
Decrease to retained earnings, pre-tax			25,444
Tax effect			(2,671)
Foreign currency translation difference effect			(1)
Decrease to retained earnings, net of tax effect			$	22,772

In June 2022, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2022-03 “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB has issued this standard to (1) clarify the guidance in Topic 820 – Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The amendments in this update affects all entities that have investments in equity securities measured at fair value that are subject to a contractual sale restriction. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2022-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-04 “Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations” to enhance the transparency of supplier finance programs. This requires all entities, which apply those programs in connection with the purchase of goods and services (buyer party), to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about the use of the finance programs to understand the program’s nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude.

Accordingly, ASU 2022-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on roll forward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company does not expect that ASU 2022-04 will have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12 “Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944”): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts ” to make targeted improvements to its guidance on long-duration contracts issued by an insurance entity in response to stakeholder feedback indicating that more timely, transparent, and decision-useful information about long-duration contracts was needed. Subsequently, FASB issued ASU 2019-09 and ASU 2020-11 amended ASU 2018-12 to defer its effective date. In December 2022, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2022-05 “Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Transition for Sold Contracts”, which introduces an optional accounting policy election under which insurers can choose not to apply the amendments made by ASU 2018-12 to certain

contracts that are derecognized as a result of a sale or disposal before the effective date of ASU 2018-12.2 Insurers that make this accounting policy election would also be subject to additional disclosure requirements. ASU 2022-05 is effective for all entities that adopt ASU 2018-12. Specifically, the effective dates are as follows: for public business entities that meet the definition of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer and are not smaller reporting companies, LDTI is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Early application is permitted. The Company evaluated the impact that ASU 2022-05 has on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, as a result of the evaluation the ASU 2022-05 does not have an impact on consolidated financial statements. Since its initial issuance, the FASB has deferred the ASU 2018-12 effective date for two years. The amendments are now effective for SEC filers that are not small reporting companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. For all other entities the effective date is now for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, or interim periods after December 15, 2025. As of November 15, 2019, the Company met the definition of a smaller reporting company. The Company will adopt ASU 2018-12 effective April 1, 2025 using the modified retrospective transition method where permitted. ASU 2018-12 will impact the accounting and disclosure requirements for all long-duration contracts issued by the Company. The Company expects the standard to have an immaterial financial impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2023-01 “Lease (Topic 842): Common control arrangement”. Topic 842 requires that entities determine whether a related party arrangement between entities under common control (hereinafter referred to as a common control arrangement) is a lease. If the arrangement is determined to be a lease, an entity must classify and account for the lease on the same basis as an arrangement with an unrelated party (on the basis of legally enforceable terms and conditions).That represents a change from the requirements of Topic 840, Leases, which required that an entity classify and account for an arrangement on the basis of economic substance when those terms and conditions were affected by the related party nature of the arrangement. The amendments in this Update affect all lessees that are a party to a lease between entities under common control in which there are leasehold improvements. The amendments apply to all entities (that is, public business entities, private companies, not-for-profit entities, and employee benefit plans). The amendments in this Update for both Issue 1 and Issue 2 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it shall adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No. 2023-01 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-02 “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects”, which amended Subtopic 323-740, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures—Income Taxes, introduced the option to apply the proportional amortization method to account for investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits when certain requirements are met. The amendments in this Update apply to all reporting entities that hold (1) tax equity investments that meet the conditions for and elect to account for them using the proportional amortization method or (2) an investment in a LIHTC structure through a limited liability entity that is not accounted for using the proportional amortization method and to which certain LIHTC-specific guidance removed from Subtopic 323-740 has been applied. The amendments in this Update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it shall adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact Update No. 2023-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2023, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-05 “Business Combinations— Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60)” that provides a new basis of accounting upon formation of a joint venture to reduce diversity in practice and provide investors with decision-useful information. The amendments in Update 2023-05 require that a joint venture, upon formation, initially measures its assets and liabilities at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurements that are consistent with other new combinations guidance). It requires that a joint venture apply the following key adaptations from business combinations guidance upon formation: (1) a joint venture is the formation of a new entity without the accounting acquirer, (2) a joint venture measures its identifiable net assets and goodwill if any, at the formation date, (3) initial measurement of a joint venture’s total net assets is equal to the fair value of 100 percent of the joint venture’s equity, (4) a joint venture provides relevant disclosures, the requirements for joint venture disclosures upon formation are different from the requirements for business combinations. In case that the formation is incomplete by the

end of the reporting period in which the formation occurs, the amendments in this Update permit a joint venture to apply measurement period guidance in Subtopic 805-10.

The amendments in this Update are effective for all joint venture formations with formation dates on or after January 1, 2025, and may be used retrospectively if sufficient information is available. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued, either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU No. 2023-05 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2023-06 “Disclosure Improvements” that modifies the disclosure or presentation requirements of several Topics in the Codification.

The following is the summary of amendments made to codification subtopics:

•230-10 Statement of Cash Flows – Overall. Requires an accounting policy disclosure in annual periods of where the cash flow is associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are presented in the statement of cash flows.

•250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections— Overall. Requires that when there has been a change in the reporting entity, the entity disclose any material prior-period adjustment and the effect of the adjustment on retained earnings in interim financial statements.

•260-10 Earnings Per Share— Overall. Requires disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings-per-share computation for each dilutive security and clarifies that certain disclosures should be made during interim periods. Amends illustrative guidance to illustrate disclosure of the methods used in the diluted earnings-per-share computation.

•270-10 Interim Reporting— Overall. Conforms to the amendments made to Topic 250.

•440-10 Commitments—Overall. Requires disclosure of assets mortgaged, pledged, or otherwise subject to lien and the obligations collateralized.

•470-10 Debt—Overall. Requires disclosure of amounts and terms of unused lines of credit and unfunded commitments and the weighted-average interest rate on outstanding short-term borrowings. Entities that are not public business entities are not required to provide information about the weighted-average interest rate.

•505-10 Equity—Overall. Requires entities that issue preferred stock to disclose preference in involuntary liquidation if the liquidation preference is other than par or stated value.

•815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overall. Adds cross-reference to disclosure requirements related to where cash flows associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are presented in the statement of cash flows in Topic 230.

•860-30 Transfers and Servicing—Secured Borrowing and Collateral. Requires (a) that accrued interest be included in the disclosure of liabilities incurred in securities borrowing or repurchase or resale transactions; (b) Separate presentation of the aggregate carrying amount of reverse repurchase agreements on the face of the balance sheet if that amount exceeds 10 percent of total assets; (c) Disclosure of the weighted-average interest rates of repurchase liabilities for public business entities; (d) Disclosure of amounts at risk with an individual counterparty if that amount exceeds more than 10 percent of stockholder’s equity; (e) Disclosure for reverse repurchase agreements that exceed 10 percent of total assets on whether there are any provisions in a reverse repurchase agreement to ensure that the market value of the underlying assets remains sufficient to protect against counterparty default and, if so, the nature of those provisions.

•932-235 Extractive Activities— Oil and Gas—Notes to Financial Statements. Requires that paragraphs 932-235-50-3 through 50-36 be applicable for each annual period presented in the financial statements.

•946-20 Financial Services— Investment Companies— Investment Company Activities. Requires that investment companies disclose the components of capital on the balance sheet.

•974-10 Real Estate—Real Estate Investment Trusts—Overall. Requires disclosure for annual reporting periods of the tax status of distributions per unit (for example, ordinary income, capital gain, and return of capital) for a real estate investment trust.

Entities under SEC disclosure requirements and those filing financial statements with the SEC for issuing securities without transfer restrictions will adopt the amendments on the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation, without the option for early adoption. Other entities will implement the changes two years later.

The amendments should be applied prospectively. If by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirements from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending amendment will be removed from the Codification and won’t be effective for any entity. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU No. 2023-06 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, FASB issued an Accounting Standard Update No. 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280)” that provides improvements to segment reporting disclosure, as segment information is one of the crucial pieces of information that investors look for in financial reports.

The amendments in this Update can be summarized as follows:

•Public entity is required to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss (“significant expense principle”).

•Public entity is required to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount of other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. This category is the difference between segment revenue less expenses (disclosed under significant expense principle) and each reported measure of segment profit or loss.

•Public entities are required to provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods.

•Entities to clarify if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. However, among these measures, at least one should align with the principles used to measure similar amounts in the company's consolidated financial statements, following GAAP. This means that while a company must report the primary measure consistent with GAAP, they can also disclose other segment profit or loss measures utilized by their management for assessing segment performance and resource allocation.

•Public entity is required to disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.

•Public entity that has a single reportable segment is required to provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this Update and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280.

The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Public entities should apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU No. 2023-07 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, FASB issued an Accounting Standard Update No. 2023-08 “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other— Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60)” that provides improvements to the accounting and disclosure of crypto assets. The amendments in this update are applicable to the assets that meet the following criteria: meet the definition of intangible assets as defined in the Codification; do not provide the holder with enforceable rights to or claims on underlying assets, services or other assets; are created or reside on a distributed ledger based on a blockchain or similar technology;

are secured through cryptography; are fungible; are not issued or created by the reporting entity or its related parties.

The amendments require that assets that meet the criteria above are measured at fair value with changes recognized in the net income each reporting period. Entity is also required to present crypto assets measured at fair value separately from other intangible assets in the balance sheet and changes from the remeasurement of crypto assets separately from changes in the carrying amounts of other intangible assets in the income statement. The amendments also require specific presentation of cash receipts arising from crypto assets that are received as non-cash considerations in the ordinary course of business and are converted almost immediately into cash, however, there are no changes to the presentation requirements for the statement of cash flow. For annual and interim reporting periods, entities are required to disclose: (1) name, cost basis, fair value, number of units of each significant crypto asset holding and aggregate fair values and cost bases asset holdings that are not individually significant; (2) the fair value of those crypto assets, that are subject to contractual sale restrictions. For annual reporting periods, entities are required to disclose: (1) a rollforward (aggregate) of activity in the reporting period, including additions (with description of activities that led to additions), dispositions, gains and losses; (2) for any dispositions of crypto asset holdings, the difference between the disposal price and the cost basis (with the description that led to disposition); (3) if gains and losses are not presented separately, the income statement line where those gains and losses are recognized; (4) the method for determining the cost basis of crypto assets.

The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual periods. The amendment requires a cumulative- effect adjustment to the opening balance of the retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual reporting in which the entity adopts the amendments. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU No. 2023-08 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, FASB issued an Accounting Standard Update No. 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740)” to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosure. The amendments in this Update mandate public entities to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and additional information for reconciling items that meet quantitative threshold in the annual tax rate reconciliations. Update requires to present a table showing percentages and currency amounts, outlining tax related aspects such as state/local income tax, foreign tax effect, changes in tax law, credits, valuation allowances, nontaxable and nondeductible items, unrecognized tax benefits. Items that impact tax calculations by 5% and more are required to be disclosed separately, with certain categories required to be disaggregated by jurisdiction or

nature. Reconciling items are categorized based on state/local, foreign, or federal/national tax levels. Some items can be presented on a net basis, while others need gross presentation. Entities must provide explanations of the major state/local jurisdictions affecting taxes and explain individual reconciling items. For non-public business entities, qualitative disclosure on significant differences between statutory and effective tax rates is required. Additionally, the amendments in this Update require that all entities must disclose amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal(national) state and by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid if equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid. The amendments also require entities to disclose income from continuing operations before income tax expense, and income tax expenses categorized by federal/national, state, and foreign levels. Moreover, certain previous disclosure requirements, like estimating changes in unrecognized tax benefits and cumulative temporary differences in deferred tax liabilities, are eliminated. The amendment in this Update also replaces the term "public entity" with "public business entity" in Topic 740 definitions.

The amendments in this Updated are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, amendments are effective beginning December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU No. 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-01, titled "Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) to improve generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) by adding an illustrative example to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in paragraph 718- 10-15-3 to determine whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation.

Some entities grant profits interest awards to employees or nonemployees, allowing them to share in future profits and/or equity appreciation. Distinguishing from capital interests, these awards do not grant rights to existing net assets. Determining whether to account for these awards under Topic 718 or Topic 710 has led to inconsistency. Stakeholders requested examples for clarity, prompting the addition of scope application examples to improve consistency.

The updates regarding the scope application issue apply to all reporting entities awarding profits interests as compensation for goods or services. Additionally, improvements to paragraph 718-10-15-3 apply universally to entities engaged in share-based payment transactions. This update makes GAAP clearer by adding an example with four scenarios. These scenarios show how to decide if profits interest awards should follow Topic 718. By using specific conditions, this example aims to simplify the process and reduce differences in practice. The changes to paragraph 718-10-15-3 also make it clearer without changing the guidance itself.

The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, for Public Business Entities. Other entities will implement the changes for annual periods starting after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If adopted during an interim period, they should be applied from the start of the corresponding annual period.

The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No 2024-01 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-02, titled “Codification Improvements—Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements”. This update makes amendments to the Codification by removing references to various FASB Concepts Statements. It is part of the Board's ongoing effort to refine GAAP through incremental improvements to the Codification. These changes aim to clarify guidance and correct unintended applications, without significantly impacting accounting practices or costs for most entities. The rationale for each amendment is detailed within the update, and while initially proposed in 2019, some revisions were made based on stakeholder feedback. The changes in this update impact several topics in the Codification and are applicable to all reporting entities covered by the affected accounting guidance.

The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Entities are allowed to apply the amendments in this update early, for any fiscal year or interim period without issued financial statements. If adopted during an interim period, entities must implement them at the start of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The update provides two transition methods: prospective application to new transactions after the adoption date or retrospective application to the earliest comparative period presented, requiring adjustments to the opening balance of retained earnings or other relevant equity components.

The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No 2024-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.